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View the related Tax Guidance about Incorporation relief

Capital gains tax implications of incorporation

Capital gains tax implications of incorporationThe Incorporation 鈥� introduction and procedure guidance note summarises various tax implications of incorporating a business. This note provides further details of the capital gains tax aspects.The transfer of business assets by an individual to a company controlled by them is a disposal for capital gains tax purposes. The disposal is deemed to take place at market value because the sole trader and the company are 鈥榗onnected persons鈥�. The sole trader will therefore have a capital gain on the chargeable assets at the point of incorporation. The chargeable assets will usually be land and buildings, and possibly goodwill. It is unlikely that gains will arise on other assets such as plant and machinery as these will either be standing at a loss (for which relief is given via the capital allowances computation) or at a gain, which will be exempt under the chattels rules.The CGT liability arising on the disposals can be deferred by claiming one of two possible CGT reliefs:鈥�incorporation relief (otherwise known as roll-over relief on the transfer of a business to a company), or鈥�gift relief (otherwise known as hold-over relief)TCGA 1992, ss 162, 165Alternatively, a capital gain could be realised by an outright sale and a claim made for business asset disposal relief (BADR), if available, to obtain a 10% tax rate although this will increase to 14% for disposals made on or after 6 April 2025, and from 14% to 18% for disposals made on or after 6

Deferral of capital gains via reinvestment

Deferral of capital gains via reinvestmentWhy defer a gain?An individual鈥檚 net taxable income and chargeable gains for the tax year influence the rate of tax payable on their capital gains. See the Introduction to capital gains tax guidance note.Depending on the nature of the asset that is subject to disposal, this can result in the individual paying capital gains tax (CGT) at higher rates where their taxable income exceeds the basic rate band, but at lower rates in years where their taxable income and gains are lower than that band. If a gain is covered by the annual exemption, no CGT is due. See the Introduction to capital gains tax guidance note.The basic rate band is £37,700 for the 2024/25 and 2025/26 tax years, but this may be extended by personal pension contributions or donations to charity via gift aid. See the Proforma income tax calculation guidance note.The annual exemption is £3,000 for 2024/25 onwards. To optimise their CGT position, a taxpayer can reinvest the proceeds from the sale of an asset into the purchase of a qualifying asset and elect for the gain to be rolled into those replacement assets.When the replacement asset is subject to disposal, or possibly where the investment conditions are broken, the deferred gain falls back into charge to CGT. This may be some years after the original gain arose and in many cases, the timing of the gain falling into charge can be controlled by the individual.The deferral of gains can be achieved

Company tax planning

Company tax planningThe tax issues arising to a shareholder on a possible flotation are discussed in the CGT planning for shareholders guidance note. In addition to considering the tax issues for a shareholder, it may be necessary to do some planning for the business to be floated, including:鈥�ensuring that all assets necessary to the running of the business are owed by the company, including intellectual property assets (it is not always clear who actually owns these, particularly where the company has grown over a long time) and real estate鈥�separating out assets or trade which are not necessary for the business that is to be floated鈥�incorporation of the business, where it is not already in a companyThis planning should be done as early as possible, to minimise any associated tax costs.Transfer of assets to the company by shareholdersWhere assets used by the company are owned by shareholders, either as a deliberate policy where the premises are owned by a shareholder as part of tax planning, or accidentally such as where intellectual property developed by a shareholder is used by the company without formal licence or payment of royalties, it will usually be necessary to transfer the assets to the company as the company will usually need to be floated owning all the assets necessary to the business for a flotation to be successful. Investors are rarely keen

Incorporating a property business

Incorporating a property businessThere are several tax areas where the treatment of a residential property letting business run through a company is different to where such properties are held personally. These differences could have an impact on the overall level of profit for the owner of the property depending on their income requirements and long-term strategy in relation to the property portfolio. This guidance note compares the different tax treatments and, with examples, reviews whether incorporating a property letting business is better than holding it personally.Comparison of tax treatments of individuals and companiesThe comparison of holding a property letting business personally or holding it through a company is summarised below with links to more guidance:Property owned personallyProperty owned by the companyGuidance note linksIncome charged at income tax rates of 20%, 40% or 45%Income charged at corporation tax rate of between 19% and 25% (depending on profit levels)Proforma income tax calculation, Computation of corporation taxCapital gain on sale of residential property charged at 18%/ 24% from 2024/25 (18% / 28% for 2023/24) Capital gain charged at corporation tax rate of between 19% and 25% (depending on profit levels)Introduction to capital gains tax, Corporate capital gains 鈥� overviewSDLT surcharge of 5% on purchases of residential property (3% before 31 October 2024)SDLT surcharge of 5% on purchases of residential property (3% before 31 October 2024)SDLT on property acquisitions by individuals 鈥� tax rates, Stamp duty land tax 鈥� basic rules for companies

Capital gains of traders 鈥� overview

Capital gains of traders 鈥� overviewCapital gains of traders 鈥� further guidanceLinks to guidance note(s)Incorporation. On incorporation of their business, a sole trader (or the partners in a partnership) will be treated as disposing of the assets transferred to the company. Where beneficial, it may be possible to defer any chargeable gains using incorporation relief, which defers any chargeable gains against the base cost of the company shares, or gift relief, which defers the gains against the base cost of the assets in the companyIncorporation 鈥� introduction and procedureCapital gains tax implications

Business asset gift relief 鈥� restrictions

Business asset gift relief 鈥� restrictionsWhere assets are gifted or subject to disposal at undervalue, the legislation treats the disposal as having taken place for market value proceeds. The transferee鈥檚 base cost is the deemed proceeds (ie market value) at the date of the gift, no matter the actual consideration paid. To mitigate the transferor鈥檚 cash flow problem where they have capital gains tax (CGT) to pay but may not have received any consideration, business asset gift relief (also known as gift relief or hold-over relief) can be claimed on the gift of qualifying business assets. Gift relief operates to defer the gain by rolling over the capital gain against the base cost of the asset in the hands of the transferee. Essentially, the relief ensures the transferor鈥檚 capital gain is passed to the transferee.The conditions for claiming business asset gift relief and the mechanics of a claim for full relief are shown in the Business asset gift relief guidance note. It is recommended to read that guidance note before continuing.This guidance note considers occasions where either the amount of gift relief is restricted or where the amount of the gain qualifying for gift relief is restricted. In either of these cases, this means a proportion of the gain remains chargeable following the gift relief claim, therefore this guidance note also considers the interaction of gift relief with other CGT reliefs.The restrictions depend on the type of asset and are summarised in an interactive flowchart. Alternatively, for a static

Other capital gains business asset reliefs

Other capital gains business asset reliefsThis note deals with the following types of business asset reliefs:鈥�rollover relief on replacement of business assets鈥�incorporation relief鈥�capital gains tax (CGT) deferral relief under the enterprise investment scheme (EIS)鈥�CGT reliefs on company reconstructions鈥�losses on loans to tradersSo-called 鈥榖usiness鈥� hold-over and business asset disposal relief (formerly entrepreneurs鈥� relief), are dealt with in the Holdover relief for disposals by trustees and Business asset disposal relief (entrepreneurs鈥� relief) 鈥� trusts guidance notes.Except where noted otherwise, these reliefs are available both to personal representatives and to trustees. For brevity, this note omits any further reference to personal representatives except where such reliefs specifically do not apply or are not available to them.Rollover relief on replacement of business assetsRollover relief enables the gain arising on the disposal of certain types of business assets to be deferred if other qualifying assets are acquired within the period commencing one year before and ending three years after the date of the disposal. HMRC may extend these time limits in certain cases. Relief will be restricted if the asset disposed of has not been used for business purposes throughout the period of ownership.The relief must be claimed within four years of the end of the tax year in which the disposal of the assets, or acquisition of the new assets (whichever occurs later) takes place. A provisional claim can be made if there is a clear intention to obtain the relief, however if the tax deferred ultimately falls

Year end tax planning for individuals 鈥� overview

Year end tax planning for individuals 鈥� overviewSTOP PRESS: The remittance basis is to be abolished from 6 April 2025, although this only applies to foreign income and gains arising on or after that date. The remittance basis rules still apply to unremitted income and gains arising before that date but remitted later. The legislation is included in Finance Bill 2025. For more details, see the Abolition of the remittance basis from 2025/26 guidance note.Taxpayers may wish to consider basic tax planning arrangements in order to reduce the overall tax burden for them or their family.This is normally considered at the end of the tax year, either to reduce the liability for that tax year or to put arrangements in place that will reduce the liability in future tax years.Summary of guidance notes on personal tax year end planningThe guidance notes covering year end planning are split up by tax.For a checklist summarising year end planning for income tax, national insurance and capital gains tax, see the Checklist 鈥� year end planning for income tax, national insurance contributions and capital gains tax for individuals.Income taxSummaryGuidance noteThis guidance note first examines the various income tax allowances and lower rate bands that should be considered and then the various strategies that might be appropriate, depending on the family circumstances. It also looks at the relevant anti-avoidance provisions and actions to consider before the end of the tax yearUtilising allowances and lower rate bandsTax efficient

Taxation magazine queries 鈥� capital extraction of profit

Taxation magazine queries 鈥� capital extraction of profitOverviewThe following guidance note provides details of queries raised on the extract of profit on the winding-up of a company in the last few years in the Readers鈥� Forum section in Taxation magazine with a link to the full replies. It should be noted that the response to the queries is at a point in time and all relevant legislation should be confirmed as being currently applicable.BADR on trading of quoted sharesThe business of this close company is the trading of quoted shares. The husband and wife, who are directors/shareholders, carry out around ten transactions per annum, spending around five hours a day, following a specific work pattern of analysing and assessing and selecting the characteristics and merits of individual companies. Each transaction (purchase or sale) has a value of around £150,000.There have been net gains from sales for the last few years of an average of £300,000, on a portfolio cost and market value of £5m and £20m respectively.The couple have no other business interests, and the query relates to whether HMRC would consider the company to have trading activity for the purposes of business asset disposal relief, in the event that the company were to close, and distribute the proceeds to the shareholders, and also considering the guidance under BIM56800.Link to responsesSee 鈥楥lose company鈥� in Taxation, 5 September 2024, 25.BADR on property owned by a liquidated companyWe represented a husband and wife partnership which started trading in 1988. In March

Structures and buildings allowance

Structures and buildings allowanceWhat is structures and buildings allowance (SBA)?From 29 October 2018, expenditure on constructing a non-residential building or structure, or in certain cases, expenditure on acquiring such a building or structure, qualifies for an SBA. Except where the enhanced rate for freeport tax sites applies, SBA is given at an annual rate of 3% (from 1 April 2020 for corporation tax and 6 April 2020 for income tax, prior to April 2020 the rate was 2%), of the qualifying expenditure on a straight-line basis over 33 and 1/3 years, as a deduction in calculating the taxable profits of a trade or other qualifying activity. The 3% rate can be claimed on all expenditure, even where the building or structure was bought into use before April 2020. Where a chargeable period spans 1 April 2020 (corporation tax) or 6 April 2020 (income tax) the rate of 2% will apply for days before the relevant date and 3% for the days after that date. Any shortfall in allowances due to a business claiming 2% prior to April 2020 can be claimed in the last chargeable period in which an allowance is available, ie when the period of 33 and 1/3 years ends, but only if the business which held the building on 1 April 2020 (corporation tax) or 6 April 2020 (income tax) still holds the same interest in the building at the end of the 33 and 1/3 years.An enhanced rate of SBA applies to expenditure on buildings